Mental Health Disorders Explained

Mental health disorders affect millions of people worldwide. About 1 in 5 people have a mental health disorder. Even though mental health disorders are common, they are largely misunderstood and stigmatized.^1,2

What are mental health disorders?

Mental health disorders affect a person's emotions, thoughts, behaviors, and overall mental well-being. They are also known as mental illnesses.^1-5

Mental health disorders can disrupt daily life, relationships, and the ability to attend work and school. They are illnesses, and the people who experience them deserve compassion, recognition, and treatment.^1-5

What causes mental health disorders?

The causes of mental health disorders are complex and multifaceted. They involve a combination of factors. Each mental health disorder may have unique contributing factors. These factors can vary from person to person.^1-5

While the exact cause of mental illnesses is not always clear, a combination of factors plays a role:^1-5

• Genetics – Family history and genetics play a big role in many mental health disorders. Certain genetic tendencies may increase the risk of developing schizophrenia, depression, bipolar disorder, and anxiety disorders.
• Brain chemistry and structure – Imbalances in neurotransmitters (chemical messengers in the brain), changes in brain structure, or differences in brain function can be factors in mental health disorders.
• Environmental factors – Exposure to trauma, abuse, neglect, big life changes, or chronic stress can affect mental health. These environmental factors can influence brain development and functioning. This may lead to the onset of mental health disorders.
• Biological factors – Some mental health disorders can be linked to physical health conditions or imbalances in the body. These may include hormonal changes, chronic illnesses, or substance use.
• Psychological factors – Certain personality traits or ways of coping may make some people more likely to develop mental health issues.
• Social and cultural factors – Cultural norms, social support, and access to care can affect mental health outcomes. Stigma and discrimination can also decrease a person’s well-being.
• Developmental factors – Early life experiences like childhood trauma can have long-lasting effects on mental health. They may increase a person’s risk of developing a mental health disorder later in life.

Who gets mental health disorders?

Mental illnesses can affect anyone, no matter their age, gender, race, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, or background. These conditions are widespread.^1-5

Some people may be more prone to mental health disorders due to the factors mentioned above. But mental health disorders are complex. Having 1 or more risk factors does not guarantee you will develop a mental health disorder. Likewise, not having certain risk factors does not mean you will never experience mental health challenges.^1-5

Common types of mental health disorders

There are more than 200 types of mental illnesses. Some common ones are described below.^3,6

Anxiety disorders

Anxiety disorders involve excessive worry, fear, or nervousness. These feelings often lead to avoidance behaviors. Conditions that fall under this category include:^1,3

• Generalized anxiety disorder
• Panic disorder
• Social anxiety disorder
• Separation anxiety disorder
• Phobias

Depression

Depression, or major depressive disorder (MDD), is a common mental health disorder. People with depression have feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and loss of interest or pleasure in activities. Other symptoms may be present as well. Depression affects daily life and well-being.^1,3

Bipolar disorder

Bipolar disorder is a mental health condition with extreme mood swings. These mood swings range from periods of depression to episodes of mania. These impact a person's emotions, behavior, and energy levels.¹

Schizophrenia

Schizophrenia is a mental health condition in which a person has trouble connecting with reality. They may have hallucinations and delusions. Symptoms must be present for at least 6 months and interfere with daily life for a schizophrenia diagnosis.^1,3

Personality disorders

These conditions affect a person's behavior and how they interact with others. Examples include borderline personality disorder and antisocial personality disorder.³

Postpartum depression

Postpartum depression is a mental health condition that affects some people after childbirth. It causes feelings of sadness, anxiety, and fatigue that can significantly impact daily life and parenting.⁷

Eating disorders

Eating disorders, such as anorexia and bulimia, involve a fixation on body weight and shape. This focus leads to abnormal and often dangerous eating habits.^1,3

Who treats mental health disorders?

The following mental health professionals treat mental health disorders:⁷

• Psychiatrists – Medical doctors who specialize in diagnosing and treating mental illnesses. They often prescribe medication.
• Psychologists – Trained experts who provide talk therapy and counseling
• Therapists and counselors – Licensed specialists who offer talk therapy and ways to help people cope
• Social workers – Specialists who provide support and resources
• Nurse practitioners – Nurses with advanced training are be able to diagnose and treat health complaints

How are mental health disorders diagnosed?

Diagnosing mental health disorders is a multi-step process. It typically includes the following:⁸

• Medical exam – Your doctor will assess your general health. They will also get information about your symptoms, medical history, and family history.
• Diagnostic criteria – Mental health disorders are diagnosed based on criteria outlined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5). A clinician compares your symptoms and experiences to the criteria in this manual.
• Evaluation – A doctor observes your behavior, emotions, and thoughts. They also may use tools like questionnaires and rating scales to get a full view of your mental health.
• Ruling out other conditions – Some mental health disorders have overlapping symptoms. So, ruling out other medical issues is vital before a treatment plan is put in place.

Diagnosing a mental illness can be a long and complex process. Not everyone with similar symptoms will receive the same diagnosis. Each person's experience is unique. Mental health specialists use their expertise to tailor the diagnosis and treatment plan to each person’s specific needs.

How are mental illnesses treated?

Mental health disorders such as depression and bipolar disorder can put a person at greater risk of suicide. But there are ways to manage and treat mental illnesses. These often include:^1,3,5,6

• Psychotherapy – Regular sessions with a mental health professional can help you explore thoughts, emotions, and behaviors. This is also known as talk therapy. It aims to develop self-awareness and provides you with coping strategies.
• Medications – For certain mental health disorders, prescription medicine may help with symptoms. Psychiatrists can prescribe these drugs.
• Brain stimulation therapies – These types of therapies stimulate specific parts of the brain to help with symptoms.
• Complementary and integrative therapies – These treatment methods can include acupuncture, massage, and meditation. They are often used along with traditional treatments.
• Lifestyle changes – Regular exercise, balanced nutrition, and sufficient sleep can increase mental wellness.
• Support groups – Surrounding yourself with a supportive social network can help you feel less alone.
• Self-care – Self-compassion and self-care activities can go a long way. Mindfulness practices, relaxation techniques, and hobbies can help with overall well-being.

Importance of understanding mental illness

Understanding mental illness is essential. It helps to break down the stigma around these conditions. Knowledge of mental illnesses also enables early diagnosis and treatment, which can lead to better outcomes.